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[This retracts the article DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47681.].
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BACKGROUND: Diabetic wound infections are susceptible to various pathogens, particularly bacteria, due to the immunocompromised state of diabetic patients. Staphylococcus aureus is frequently implicated in diabetic wounds. To ascertain the presence of multiple antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens derived from diabetic wound infections, a comprehensive analysis is required. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present cross-sectional investigation was carried out at a tertiary care facility. The samples were collected in aseptic conditions from the Endocrinology unit, specifically from local in-hospital patients (n=140). These samples were then assessed for their susceptibility to the commonly used antibacterial medications within the study area. The specimens were obtained from the lesions of individuals diagnosed with diabetes. The subjects were subjected to inoculation using various media and cultures. RESULTS: The findings of this study revealed that a collective sum of 122 bacterial isolates was acquired. The conclusions of the antibiotic susceptibility analysis revealed that the gram-positive isolates had a higher level of resistance to penicillin G (93.18%). However, they demonstrated sensitivity to vancomycin (100%) and linezolid (LZD) (95%). The gram-negative isolates exhibited complete resistance, at a rate of 100%, to penicillin, specifically amoxicillin (AMC), as well as to sulfonamides, such as sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SXT), which belong to the antibiotic classes mentioned. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there has been a notable rise in antibiotic resistance.
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Immunotherapy has emerged as a pioneering therapeutic approach that harnesses the immune system's abilities to combat diseases, particularly in the field of oncology where it has led to significant advancements. However, despite its significant impact in the field of oncology, the potential of immunotherapy in the context of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this narrative review is to address the existing knowledge and potential uses of immunotherapy in the field of cardiovascular disease (CVD), with the intention of filling the existing gap in understanding. Furthermore, the review thoroughly examines the future prospects of this swiftly advancing field, providing insights into the aspects that necessitate further investigation and addressing the forthcoming challenges. The review is organized into four distinct sections to enhance comprehension. The first section introduces immunotherapy, presenting the fundamental concepts and principles. The second section explores the immunomodulatory mechanisms in cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a specific focus on the intricate interplay between the immune system and the development of cardiovascular pathogenesis. The utilization of immunotherapy in specific cardiovascular conditions will be examined, investigating the application of immunotherapy in the context of different cardiovascular diseases. The future prospects and challenges in immunotherapy for cardiovascular diseases will be discussed, highlighting the potential areas for future research and addressing the barriers that must be overcome to effectively implement immunotherapeutic interventions in the management of cardiovascular diseases.
